what is REFERNCE WORD??

In writing,we need to use reference word..but how to use it??maybe this can help u a little..hehehe


Using reference words

• Reference words point backwards or forwards to other words or concepts that have already

           appeared in the text or are about to appear in the text.

•  In the majority of cases, the word has already

          occurred in the text i.e. the reference word is pointing backwards.


Example:


There are a number of distinct phases of childhood development. Broadly speaking, these are linked
 to the motor, emotional and linguistic development of the child.
Here,these is a reference word pointing back tophases in the preceding sentence.

Reference words are important because they are another way you can strengthen the connections between different elements of your text and clarify the progression of ideas 

Future Tense????

Today,we are going to learns about Future Tense

Simple Future

• The simple future tense is often called will, because we make the simple future tense with the modal auxiliary will.
• Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. 
• Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.

FORM Will

[will + verb]

Examples:

• You will help him later.
• Will you help him later?
• You will not help him later.

FORM Be Going To

[am/is/are + going to + verb]

Examples:

• You are going to meet Jane tonight.
• Are you going to meet Jane tonight?
• You are not going to meet Jane tonight.

Future Continuous

Future Continuous has two different forms: "will be doing " and "be going to be doing." Unlike Simple Future forms, Future Continuous forms are usually interchangeable.

FORM Future Continuous with "Will"

[will be + present participle]

Examples:

• You will be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
• Will you be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight?
• You will not be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.

FORM Future Continuous with "Be Going To "

[am/is/are + going to be + present participle]

Examples:

• You are going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
• Are you going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight?
• You are not going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.

REMEMBER: It is possible to use either "will" or "be going to" to create the Future Continuous with little difference in meaning.

Future Perfect

Future Perfect has two different forms: "will have done" and "be going to have done." Unlike Simple Future forms, Future Perfect forms are usually interchangeable.

FORM Future Perfect with "Will"

[will have + past participle]

Examples:

• You will have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.
• Will you have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.?
• You will not have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.

FORM Future Perfect with "Be Going To"

[am/is/are + going to have + past participle]

Examples:

• You are going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.
• Are you going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.?
• You are not going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.

NOTE: It is possible to use either "will" or "be going to" to create the Future Perfect with little or no difference in meaning.

What is PAST TENSE??

Simple Past

•  is formed for regular verbs by adding -d or – ed to the root of a word.

FORM

[VERB+ed] or irregular verbs

Examples:

• You called Debbie.
• Did you call Debbie?
• You did not call Debbie.

Past Continuous

•  is formed by using the adequate form of to be and the verb’s present participle

FORM

[was/were + present participle]

Examples:

• You were studying when she called.
• Were you studying when she called?
• You were not studying when she called.

Past Perfect

•  is formed by combining the simple past form of to have with the past participle form of the main verb

FORM

[had + past participle]

Examples:

• You had studied English before you moved to New York.
• Had you studied English before you moved to New York?
• You had not studied English before you moved to New York.

PresenT TensE.......

Today,we will learns about present tense =)

Firstly,SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE..

The simple present tense is used to discuss permanant situations and the frequency of events.

How do we make the Simple Present Tense?

subject	+	auxiliary verb	+	main verb
		do		base

There are three important exceptions:

1. For positive sentences, we do not normally use the auxiliary.
2. For the 3rd person singular (he, she, it), we add s to the main verb or es to the auxiliary.
3. For the verb to be, we do not use an auxiliary, even for questions and negatives.

To have	Short form	Other Verbs (to work)
I have	I've	I work
he has	he's	He works
she has	she's	She works
it has	it's	It works
you have	you've	you work
we have	we've	we work
they have	they've	they work

Statements +	Statements -	Questions	Short answer +	Short answer -
I work.	I don't work.	Do I work?	Yes, I do.	No, I don't.
He works.	He doesn't work.	Does he work?	Yes, he does.	No, he doesn't.
She works.	She doesn't work.	Does she work?	Yes, she does.	No, she doesn't.
It works.	It doesn't work.	Does it work?	Yes, it does.	No, it doesn't.
You work.	You don't work.	Do you work?	Yes you do.	No, you don't.
We work.	We don't work.	Do we work?	Yes we do.	No, we don't.
They work.	They don't work.	Do they work?	Yes they do.	No, they don't.

Secondly,PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE...

When we talk about events that are actually happening now, we use the present continuous tense.

Statements +	Statements -	Questions	Short answer +	Short answer -
I'm working.	I'm not working.	Am I working?	Yes, I am.	No, I'm not.
He's working.	He isn't working.	Is he working?	Yes, he is.	No, he isn't.
She's working.	She isn't working.	Is she working?	Yes, she is.	No, she isn't.
It's working.	It isn't working.	Is it working?	Yes, it is.	No, it isn't.
You're working.	You aren'tt working.	Are you working?	Yes you are.	No, you aren't.
We're working.	We aren't working.	Are we working?	Yes we are.	No, we aren't.
They're working.	They aren't working.	Are they working?	Yes they are.	No, they aren't.

Note:-

The present continuous is usually used with doing verbs (verbs of action) not with verbs of state. 

Thirdly,PRESENT PERFECT TENSE...

We form the present perfect simple by using the auxilliary verb have/has and the -ed form of the regular verb (the past participle) irregular verb forms have to be learned:

Statements +	Statements -	Questions	Short answer +	Short answer -
I've worked.	I haven't worked.	Have I worked?	Yes, I have.	No, I haven't.
He's worked.	He hasn't worked.	Has he worked?	Yes, he has.	No, he hasn't.
She's worked.	She hasn't worked.	Has she worked?	Yes, she has.	No, she hasn't.
It's worked.	It hasn't worked.	Has it worked?	Yes, it has.	No, it hasn't.
You've worked.	You haven't worked.	Have you worked?	Yes you have.	No, you haven't.
We've worked.	We haven't worked.	Have we worked?	Yes we have.	No, we haven't.
They've worked.	They haven't worked.	Have they worked?	Yes they have.	No, they haven't.

The present perfect simple is used to discuss events that have just been completed at the moment of speaking.

LETS LEARNS SKILLS ON READING~~~

let's enjoy my entry and hope you will love reading... : )

What's techniques u will use in exam?
Let me guess..read n try to understand each words??
We have no time to understand each words dear!
so,i have some tips to u all!!
just read the tips k..if you dont want to apply that,this your own business k..heeheh

In exam we have 2 types of  comprehension,i think laa..if wrong,mizz zu??can u correct me??hehehe

1. Linear

- usually in essay n pharagraph
- we need to use skimming technique

What is skimming?

• This is a reading skill employed to obtain the general idea of a text,to find out the writer's point of view and to see how to contents in a passage are arrange.
• When a text or a passage is too long and we have limited amount of time,we use this reading technique.
• The speed in which we read is three or  four times faster than the speed of normal reading.
• when skimming,look for key words and phrases,the headlings or sub-headlings for the general idea of the passage.
• In short,directly look to main idea and search to it.

2. Non-Linear 

- usually in table,graph,chart or point
-we need to use scanning technique.

What is scanning??

• This is a selective reading skills to locate facts and asnwers to specific questions.
• To save time you do not read every word on the page.
• You can scan a timetable,pages of a dictionary,charts,tables etc

Learns about adverbs.....

Adverbs

Definition

Adverbs are words that modify

· a verb ( He drove slowly. — How did he drive?)

· an adjective (He drove a very fast car. — How fast was his car?)

· another adverb (She moved quite slowly down the aisle. — How slowly did she move?)

Kinds of Adverbs

l Adverbs of Manner
   She moved slowly and spoke quietly.

l Adverbs of Place
   She has lived on the island all her life. 
   She still lives there now.

l Adverbs of Frequency
   She takes the boat to the mainland every day.
   She often goes by herself.

l Adverbs of Time
   She tries to get back before dark.
   It's starting to get dark now.
   She finished her tea first.
   She left early.

l Adverbs of Purpose
   She drives her boat slowly to avoid hitting the rocks.
   She shops in several stores to get the best buys.

 If you want to do some exercise,you can click on this link Exercise on adverb

THESIS STATEMENT.....

The Thesis
Statement

• tells the reader how you will interpret the significance of the subject matter under discussion.
• is a road map for the paper; in other words, it tells the reader what to expect from the rest of the paper.
• directly answers the question asked of you. A thesis is an interpretation of a question or subject, not the subject itself.
• makes a claim that others might dispute.
• is usually a single sentence somewhere in your first paragraph that presents your argument to the reader. The rest of the paper, the body of the essay, gathers and organizes evidence that will persuade the reader of the logic of your interpretation.
• The thesis statement is typically located at the end of your opening paragraph. (The opening paragraph serves to set the context for the thesis.)

How do I write it?

• Look again at your Statement of Purpose
• Look at the kinds of information you have been finding while taking notes.
• Decide what kind of statement you have enough evidence to prove.
  (Be sure that you have done enough research to make a strong argument. You may be challenged.)
• Write that as your thesis statement.

There are many ways to approach writing a thesis statement.
Just make sure that it is not simple a fact and that you can support it with good evidence from reliable sources.

Here are some ways to approach it:

• Define a problem and state your opinion about it
• Discuss the current state of an issue or problem and predict how it might resolve
• Put forth a possible solution to a problem
• Look at an issue/topic from a new, interesting perspective
• Theorize how the world might be different today if something had/had not happened in the past
• Compare two or more of something similar and give your rating about them (cars, authors,computers, colleges, books)
• Put out your ideas about how something was influenced to be the way it is or was (music, art, political leadership, genocide)

Prewriting Techniques =)

INTRODUCTION???

• Prewriting techniques involve warming up your – the student’s – brain, organizing ideas, and setting up a plan before diving straight into writing a composition.
•  It may take just a little extra time, but you will find that if you practice some prewriting  before every essay you write, your papers will be better written overall, which will in effect give a better overall grade. 
• Ten or fifteen minutes of extra work may be the difference between a B and an A grade for your paper.

Mind mapping

• it is one of the quickest ways to organize ideas in a fun manner.
• Circling ideas and linking the related ones that surround your main idea is a messy way to be organized… which ends up feeling a lot more enjoyable than most homework does.

Brainstorming

• Writing down every idea that is related to your topic in a list form is one of the simplest forms of prewriting, which is called brainstorming.
•  The great thing about brainstorming is that you can put anything in the list that pops into your head.

Free Writing

• There is nothing more freeing than knowing you can write whatever you want without worrying about grammar, spelling, structure, or coherence.
•  That is the joy of free writing – you are free to make mistakes and write whatever you want.
• The trick is to force yourself to continually keep your pen on the paper and write whatever thought comes to mind, while trying to think of your essay’s subject. 
•  By reading over your free writing afterwards, you should highlight or underline any ideas you find useful to your essay.

Quick Writing

-THE END-